Contact Us
Want to get in touch? Use the links or numbers below to contact us:
District Councils’ Network
18 Smith Square,
Westminster,
London,
SW1P 3HZ
Email: DCN@local.gov.uk
Media/Press enquiries:
Email: DCNMedia@local.gov.uk
Phone: 07798 534 701
DCN Updates
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Responding to the launch of the Government’s Sports Strategy, ‘Get Active: A strategy for the future of sport and physical activity’, Cllr Hannah D...
U
A DCN/Norse Group roundtable brought together DCN member councils to discuss the challenges facing waste services and the opportunities to improve ...
U
The District Councils’ Network (DCN) strongly welcomes the Government’s announcement of new measures to address the impact of nutrient neutrality, ...
U
DCN has responded to the Government’s consultation on statutory guidance for local authorities on Best Value Duty, which closed yesterday. Th...
U
Mega councils could be forced on areas regardless of whether existing councils or residents want them The District Councils’ Network has responded ...
U
Adult social care will be one of the biggest challenges and opportunities for new unitary councils after LGR. DCN is pleased to publish this import...
U
Changes in how funding is distributed between councils appear set to result in the erosion of local government services across vast swathes of Engl...
U
It’s undemocratic not to proactively seek views of communities on council reorganisation The side-lining of the public in determining the fu...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to the Chancellor’s unveiling today of the spending review. We are particularly supportive of the scal...
U
The District Councils’ Network (DCN) has said that no alternative exists to strong, community-focused councils, in response to the Local Governmen...
U
The scale of the challenge presented to council services by local government reorganisation (LGR) was the topic of a roundtable, supported by Norse...
U
How councils can make the most of the Procurement Act 2023 By Gary Styles, Founder and Chief Executive, Zellar The Procurement Act 2023, which took...
U
By Ed Crouch, Market Development Director, Capita Managing aged debt is a significant challenge for councils, impacting financial management and pu...
U
DCN invited Inner Circle Consulting to produce a paper setting out how places might best respond to the challenges and opportunities of local gover...
U
Reorganisation could create larger versions of dysfunctionality, warns independent report Local government reorganisation (LGR) risks reinforcing t...
U
Cllr Richard Wright, the DCN’s planning spokesperson, has responded to the publication of the Planning and Infrastructure Bill. “We want to see mor...
U
Little correlation between unitary councils’ size and service quality, official data reveals NOTE: This statement has been updated to reflect most ...
U
The District Councils’ Network has expressed scepticism over the levels of savings claimed by the proponents of mega councils. Research from the Co...
U
Coastal towns, rural areas and university cities are likely to lose out despite soaring temporary accommodation rates Councils facing some of Engl...
U
Two local government ministers, parliamentary representatives of the main Opposition parties and a combined authority mayor are among the speakers ...
U
Consultants will be the victors from the mad rush to impose mega councils The rush to impose mega councils on local areas ignores the views of loca...
U
Freedom of Information responses show no assessment undertaken to support 500k population floor for unitary councils The Government has admitted it...
U
DCN survey reveals local opposition to mega councils with populations exceeding half a million District councils overwhelmingly believe that power ...
U
A landmark report today sets out a comprehensive plan to tackle England’s housing crisis, including three reforms which would alone provide 100,000...
U
Many district councils look set to be forced to make cuts to essential community services, after Government funding for next year was announced. To...
U
DCN responds to the English Devolution White Paper The English Devolution White Paper, published today, proposes extending combined authorities to ...
U
The District Councils’ Network (DCN) has responded to the Government’s proposed reform of the National Planning Policy Framework. The Ministry of H...
U
Essential local services continue to face an uncertain future after today’s Local Government Finance Policy Statement. All district councils need a...
U
The Government’s assurance that local areas will retain discretion over how waste is collected has been welcomed by district councils. Defra policy...
U
Around 40 MPs and peers mixed with district council innovators at a DCN reception last night which commemorated member councils’ 50th anniversary. ...
U
Development. It’s a word that gets thrown around a lot, but what does it really mean? Well, if you’re imagining long, dry workshops or endless Powe...
U
DCN’s Annual Conference takes place on 13-14 March 2025 at De Vere Beaumont Estate in Old Windsor, a stone’s throw from Runnymede, the birthplace o...
U
Two hundred people will gather in Old Windsor in March 2025 for one of the biggest events of the local government calendar. The District Councils&#...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to the Budget unveiled by the Chancellor this afternoon. Rachel Reeves announced a series of measures ...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to today’s Budget which revealed the Government intends to reorganise local government. Today’s Budget...
U
Three councils are spending equivalent to at least half of their council tax revenue on homelessness support, forcing them to divert funding earmar...
U
In this bulletin CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: Let’s make a final push for action in the Budget MUST-READS: Our round-up of policy and media highl...
U
Funding reductions for councils would be disastrous. This is why, ahead of the Autumn Budget and Local Government Finance Settlement, the DCN is am...
U
Join us for a panel discussion and debate about solutions to the shortage of good-quality, genuinely affordable housing for our communities. This i...
U
District councils expect their spending on temporary accommodation to rocket by a third in just a year. The spending warning emerges as official fi...
U
A new tax on the carbon emitted from burning waste could load billions of unavoidable costs on councils over the next decade instead of manufacture...
U
In this update CLLR HANNAH DALTON: It’s time to prioritise affordable housing MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights SIXTY SECONDS...
U
People living in areas at risk of flooding face cuts to local services due to the Government’s failure to devise a fair system to fund the rapidly ...
U
DCN, LGA, and Crisis demand five urgent measures to support people in danger of homelessness and protect council finance The Government has been ur...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to local government minister Jim McMahon’s call for a discussion on the potential merits of holding hy...
U
Five zoo-themed walking trails installed by Cherwell District Council are one of the many ways in which district councils encourage physical activi...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to the Deputy Prime Minister’s statement on house building and planning reform. Cllr Bridget Smith, Vi...
U
DCN partnered with Zellar to assess the carbon footprint of our annual conference which took place in March. The event, at Sopwell House in St Alba...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to the announcement of the new Government’s legislative programme in the King’s Speech. In response, C...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to the letter from Deputy Prime Minister Angela Rayner to unitary and county councils seeking devoluti...
U
The District Councils’ Network (DCN) is calling for reform of Right to Buy to be prioritised in the King’s Speech as data reveals the scale ...
U
The District Councils’ Network has welcomed the Chancellor’s commitment to kickstart growth and take action to remove barriers to housebuilding. Cl...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to this morning’s Downing Street meeting of regional mayors. Cllr Sam Chapman-Allen, Chairman of the D...
U
District councils eagerly look forward to working with the new Government to continue transforming our communities, economies and local public serv...
U
DCN has unveiled a prospectus setting out how district councils can work with the next Government. You can read our prospectus here: DCN Prospectus...
U
Great Yarmouth Borough Council was named Council of the Year at the LGC Awards last night. The Norfolk district beat fellow DCN members Dorset Coun...
U
In this update CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: Welcome to our new councillors MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights WALLACE SAMPSON: How ...
U
By Wallace Sampson OBE, former Chief Executive, Harrogate Borough Council A persistent failing of the local government sector is its historic and c...
U
A skatepark which is boosting physical activity among users ranging from the youngest children to adults is the latest project featured in DCN’s vi...
U
Funding shortfalls and unrealistic timelines could jeopardise the Government’s Simpler Recycling reforms, the District Councils’ Network (DCN) has ...
U
Pendle Borough Council has explained its bold vision for regenerating the town of Colne, including through the creation of a new heritage quarter, ...
U
The District Councils’ Network (DCN) is calling for immediate action to ensure councils can afford to support vulnerable families after new d...
U
In this email CLLR BRIDGET SMITH: Let’s celebrate 130 years of female district councillors MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights ...
U
Independence from Government will ensure a fuller role for Oflog driving the improvement of councils, Trevor Holden, the DCN’s lead chief executive...
U
In this newsletter: CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: Happy birthday to us! MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights DCN CONFERENCE: Our round...
U
Easter Monday is the fiftieth anniversary of the most localised principal tier of England’s local government landscape. The 164 district councils h...
U
The DCN Annual Conference was a huge success with over 250 people attending the event at Sopwell House, St Albans. Our conference theme was looking...
U
DCN’s Annual Conference takes place on 14-15 March 2024 at Sopwell House in St Albans, Hertfordshire. We are hugely looking forward to welcoming de...
U
In response to the Budget, Cllr Sam Chapman-Allen, Chairman of the District Councils’ Network, said: “Today’s Budget was a missed opportunity to pu...
U
In this Bulletin: CLLR SUSAN BROWN: With funding and freedom we can end homelessness MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights SIXTY ...
U
The Chancellor has been urged to take targeted action to avoid counterproductive cuts to essential services at district councils. District councils...
U
DCN’s Annual Conference is taking shape and we are now in a position to share with you the latest programme. This includes confirmed speakers...
U
The District Councils’ Network has welcomed extra Government funding for its member councils, which was announced by Michael Gove in a written stat...
U
Cllr Bridget Smith, Vice Chair of the District Councils’ Network and Leader of South Cambridgeshire District Council gave evidence to the Environme...
U
Many of our thoughts this Christmas are with those who have no permanent, secure homes – and last night ITV showed the work of one district council...
U
In response to the Government’s announcement of reform to the National Planning Policy Framework, a District Councils’ Network spokesperson, ...
U
Today’s Provisional Local Government Finance Settlement has prompted significant concerns about the future of vital district council services...
U
In this bulletin: CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: Happy Christmas – and thank you MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights for DCN councils ...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to this afternoon’s Government local government finance policy statement. There will be a maximum coun...
U
In this bulletin: CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: DCN spoke and the Chancellor listened MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights for DCN cou...
U
The Government has today announced significant extra funding to ease homelessness pressures in response to a campaign led by the District Councils’...
U
The District Councils’ Network has welcomed the news that 12 of our member councils are to set to benefit from the third round of the Government’s ...
U
DCN has received significant press coverage after revealing the level of concern across our member councils about our spiralling use of temporary a...
U
119 council leaders have signed a letter to the Chancellor calling on him to address the homelessness and temporary accommodation crisis that threa...
U
In this email: CLLR BRIDGET SMITH: Districts’ climate action must be recognised MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights for DCN cou...
U
Survey reveals how inflation and rising demand for services is forcing district councils to make unpalatable choices Cherished local services – inc...
U
The District Councils’ Network is pleased that the Government has listened to our concerns about the unintended consequences of proposals to standa...
U
In this email: CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: Support for our councils must be prioritised MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights for DCN...
U
DCN has welcomed the news that 15 towns in district council areas are to receive funding through the Government’s Long-Term Plan for Towns. Under p...
U
Thank you to everyone who attended the 18 September meeting of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for District Councils. It was standing room only i...
U
DCN has responded to the Government’s consultation on capital risk metrics. In our response, DCN raised concerns about how these metrics will...
U
DCN has responded to the Levelling Up, Housing and Communities Committee’s inquiry into ‘Disabled people in the housing sector’. In our respo...
U
Next year’s DCN Annual Conference will take place on Thursday 14 and Friday 15 March 2024. The event – the biggest gathering in the district counci...
U
DCN has responded to the All Party Parliamentary Group on Housing and Planning’s inquiry into England’s developer contributions system: “Coun...
U
The DCN has responded to the a consultation by DLUHC to automatically exempt certain properties from second and empty homes premiums. We expressed ...
U
The DCN has responded to the Public Accounts Committee’s inquiry into how DEFRA intends to implement collection and packaging reforms, as wel...
U
Responding to the launch of the Government’s Sports Strategy, ‘Get Active: A strategy for the future of sport and physical activity’, Cllr Hannah D...
U
A DCN/Norse Group roundtable brought together DCN member councils to discuss the challenges facing waste services and the opportunities to improve ...
U
The District Councils’ Network (DCN) strongly welcomes the Government’s announcement of new measures to address the impact of nutrient neutrality, ...
U
DCN has responded to the Government’s consultation on statutory guidance for local authorities on Best Value Duty, which closed yesterday. Th...
U
Mega councils could be forced on areas regardless of whether existing councils or residents want them The District Councils’ Network has responded ...
U
Adult social care will be one of the biggest challenges and opportunities for new unitary councils after LGR. DCN is pleased to publish this import...
U
Changes in how funding is distributed between councils appear set to result in the erosion of local government services across vast swathes of Engl...
U
It’s undemocratic not to proactively seek views of communities on council reorganisation The side-lining of the public in determining the fu...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to the Chancellor’s unveiling today of the spending review. We are particularly supportive of the scal...
U
The District Councils’ Network (DCN) has said that no alternative exists to strong, community-focused councils, in response to the Local Governmen...
U
The scale of the challenge presented to council services by local government reorganisation (LGR) was the topic of a roundtable, supported by Norse...
U
How councils can make the most of the Procurement Act 2023 By Gary Styles, Founder and Chief Executive, Zellar The Procurement Act 2023, which took...
U
By Ed Crouch, Market Development Director, Capita Managing aged debt is a significant challenge for councils, impacting financial management and pu...
U
DCN invited Inner Circle Consulting to produce a paper setting out how places might best respond to the challenges and opportunities of local gover...
U
Reorganisation could create larger versions of dysfunctionality, warns independent report Local government reorganisation (LGR) risks reinforcing t...
U
Cllr Richard Wright, the DCN’s planning spokesperson, has responded to the publication of the Planning and Infrastructure Bill. “We want to see mor...
U
Little correlation between unitary councils’ size and service quality, official data reveals NOTE: This statement has been updated to reflect most ...
U
The District Councils’ Network has expressed scepticism over the levels of savings claimed by the proponents of mega councils. Research from the Co...
U
Coastal towns, rural areas and university cities are likely to lose out despite soaring temporary accommodation rates Councils facing some of Engl...
U
Two local government ministers, parliamentary representatives of the main Opposition parties and a combined authority mayor are among the speakers ...
U
Consultants will be the victors from the mad rush to impose mega councils The rush to impose mega councils on local areas ignores the views of loca...
U
Freedom of Information responses show no assessment undertaken to support 500k population floor for unitary councils The Government has admitted it...
U
DCN survey reveals local opposition to mega councils with populations exceeding half a million District councils overwhelmingly believe that power ...
U
A landmark report today sets out a comprehensive plan to tackle England’s housing crisis, including three reforms which would alone provide 100,000...
U
Many district councils look set to be forced to make cuts to essential community services, after Government funding for next year was announced. To...
U
DCN responds to the English Devolution White Paper The English Devolution White Paper, published today, proposes extending combined authorities to ...
U
The District Councils’ Network (DCN) has responded to the Government’s proposed reform of the National Planning Policy Framework. The Ministry of H...
U
Essential local services continue to face an uncertain future after today’s Local Government Finance Policy Statement. All district councils need a...
U
The Government’s assurance that local areas will retain discretion over how waste is collected has been welcomed by district councils. Defra policy...
U
Around 40 MPs and peers mixed with district council innovators at a DCN reception last night which commemorated member councils’ 50th anniversary. ...
U
Development. It’s a word that gets thrown around a lot, but what does it really mean? Well, if you’re imagining long, dry workshops or endless Powe...
U
DCN’s Annual Conference takes place on 13-14 March 2025 at De Vere Beaumont Estate in Old Windsor, a stone’s throw from Runnymede, the birthplace o...
U
Two hundred people will gather in Old Windsor in March 2025 for one of the biggest events of the local government calendar. The District Councils&#...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to the Budget unveiled by the Chancellor this afternoon. Rachel Reeves announced a series of measures ...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to today’s Budget which revealed the Government intends to reorganise local government. Today’s Budget...
U
Three councils are spending equivalent to at least half of their council tax revenue on homelessness support, forcing them to divert funding earmar...
U
In this bulletin CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: Let’s make a final push for action in the Budget MUST-READS: Our round-up of policy and media highl...
U
Funding reductions for councils would be disastrous. This is why, ahead of the Autumn Budget and Local Government Finance Settlement, the DCN is am...
U
Join us for a panel discussion and debate about solutions to the shortage of good-quality, genuinely affordable housing for our communities. This i...
U
District councils expect their spending on temporary accommodation to rocket by a third in just a year. The spending warning emerges as official fi...
U
A new tax on the carbon emitted from burning waste could load billions of unavoidable costs on councils over the next decade instead of manufacture...
U
In this update CLLR HANNAH DALTON: It’s time to prioritise affordable housing MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights SIXTY SECONDS...
U
People living in areas at risk of flooding face cuts to local services due to the Government’s failure to devise a fair system to fund the rapidly ...
U
DCN, LGA, and Crisis demand five urgent measures to support people in danger of homelessness and protect council finance The Government has been ur...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to local government minister Jim McMahon’s call for a discussion on the potential merits of holding hy...
U
Five zoo-themed walking trails installed by Cherwell District Council are one of the many ways in which district councils encourage physical activi...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to the Deputy Prime Minister’s statement on house building and planning reform. Cllr Bridget Smith, Vi...
U
DCN partnered with Zellar to assess the carbon footprint of our annual conference which took place in March. The event, at Sopwell House in St Alba...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to the announcement of the new Government’s legislative programme in the King’s Speech. In response, C...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to the letter from Deputy Prime Minister Angela Rayner to unitary and county councils seeking devoluti...
U
The District Councils’ Network (DCN) is calling for reform of Right to Buy to be prioritised in the King’s Speech as data reveals the scale ...
U
The District Councils’ Network has welcomed the Chancellor’s commitment to kickstart growth and take action to remove barriers to housebuilding. Cl...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to this morning’s Downing Street meeting of regional mayors. Cllr Sam Chapman-Allen, Chairman of the D...
U
District councils eagerly look forward to working with the new Government to continue transforming our communities, economies and local public serv...
U
DCN has unveiled a prospectus setting out how district councils can work with the next Government. You can read our prospectus here: DCN Prospectus...
U
Great Yarmouth Borough Council was named Council of the Year at the LGC Awards last night. The Norfolk district beat fellow DCN members Dorset Coun...
U
In this update CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: Welcome to our new councillors MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights WALLACE SAMPSON: How ...
U
By Wallace Sampson OBE, former Chief Executive, Harrogate Borough Council A persistent failing of the local government sector is its historic and c...
U
A skatepark which is boosting physical activity among users ranging from the youngest children to adults is the latest project featured in DCN’s vi...
U
Funding shortfalls and unrealistic timelines could jeopardise the Government’s Simpler Recycling reforms, the District Councils’ Network (DCN) has ...
U
Pendle Borough Council has explained its bold vision for regenerating the town of Colne, including through the creation of a new heritage quarter, ...
U
The District Councils’ Network (DCN) is calling for immediate action to ensure councils can afford to support vulnerable families after new d...
U
In this email CLLR BRIDGET SMITH: Let’s celebrate 130 years of female district councillors MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights ...
U
Independence from Government will ensure a fuller role for Oflog driving the improvement of councils, Trevor Holden, the DCN’s lead chief executive...
U
In this newsletter: CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: Happy birthday to us! MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights DCN CONFERENCE: Our round...
U
Easter Monday is the fiftieth anniversary of the most localised principal tier of England’s local government landscape. The 164 district councils h...
U
The DCN Annual Conference was a huge success with over 250 people attending the event at Sopwell House, St Albans. Our conference theme was looking...
U
DCN’s Annual Conference takes place on 14-15 March 2024 at Sopwell House in St Albans, Hertfordshire. We are hugely looking forward to welcoming de...
U
In response to the Budget, Cllr Sam Chapman-Allen, Chairman of the District Councils’ Network, said: “Today’s Budget was a missed opportunity to pu...
U
In this Bulletin: CLLR SUSAN BROWN: With funding and freedom we can end homelessness MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights SIXTY ...
U
The Chancellor has been urged to take targeted action to avoid counterproductive cuts to essential services at district councils. District councils...
U
DCN’s Annual Conference is taking shape and we are now in a position to share with you the latest programme. This includes confirmed speakers...
U
The District Councils’ Network has welcomed extra Government funding for its member councils, which was announced by Michael Gove in a written stat...
U
Cllr Bridget Smith, Vice Chair of the District Councils’ Network and Leader of South Cambridgeshire District Council gave evidence to the Environme...
U
Many of our thoughts this Christmas are with those who have no permanent, secure homes – and last night ITV showed the work of one district council...
U
In response to the Government’s announcement of reform to the National Planning Policy Framework, a District Councils’ Network spokesperson, ...
U
Today’s Provisional Local Government Finance Settlement has prompted significant concerns about the future of vital district council services...
U
In this bulletin: CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: Happy Christmas – and thank you MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights for DCN councils ...
U
The District Councils’ Network has responded to this afternoon’s Government local government finance policy statement. There will be a maximum coun...
U
In this bulletin: CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: DCN spoke and the Chancellor listened MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights for DCN cou...
U
The Government has today announced significant extra funding to ease homelessness pressures in response to a campaign led by the District Councils’...
U
The District Councils’ Network has welcomed the news that 12 of our member councils are to set to benefit from the third round of the Government’s ...
U
DCN has received significant press coverage after revealing the level of concern across our member councils about our spiralling use of temporary a...
U
119 council leaders have signed a letter to the Chancellor calling on him to address the homelessness and temporary accommodation crisis that threa...
U
In this email: CLLR BRIDGET SMITH: Districts’ climate action must be recognised MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights for DCN cou...
U
Survey reveals how inflation and rising demand for services is forcing district councils to make unpalatable choices Cherished local services – inc...
U
The District Councils’ Network is pleased that the Government has listened to our concerns about the unintended consequences of proposals to standa...
U
In this email: CLLR SAM CHAPMAN-ALLEN: Support for our councils must be prioritised MUST-READS: Our round-up of media and policy highlights for DCN...
U
DCN has welcomed the news that 15 towns in district council areas are to receive funding through the Government’s Long-Term Plan for Towns. Under p...
U
Thank you to everyone who attended the 18 September meeting of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for District Councils. It was standing room only i...
U
DCN has responded to the Government’s consultation on capital risk metrics. In our response, DCN raised concerns about how these metrics will...
U
DCN has responded to the Levelling Up, Housing and Communities Committee’s inquiry into ‘Disabled people in the housing sector’. In our respo...
U
Next year’s DCN Annual Conference will take place on Thursday 14 and Friday 15 March 2024. The event – the biggest gathering in the district counci...
U
DCN has responded to the All Party Parliamentary Group on Housing and Planning’s inquiry into England’s developer contributions system: “Coun...
U
The DCN has responded to the a consultation by DLUHC to automatically exempt certain properties from second and empty homes premiums. We expressed ...
U
The DCN has responded to the Public Accounts Committee’s inquiry into how DEFRA intends to implement collection and packaging reforms, as wel...
U
Responding to the launch of the Government’s Sports Strategy, ‘Get Active: A strategy for the future of sport and physical activity’, Cllr Hannah D...
U
A DCN/Norse Group roundtable brought together DCN member councils to discuss the challenges facing waste services and the opportunities to improve ...
U
The District Councils’ Network (DCN) strongly welcomes the Government’s announcement of new measures to address the impact of nutrient neutrality, ...
U
DCN has responded to the Government’s consultation on statutory guidance for local authorities on Best Value Duty, which closed yesterday. Th...